Re-thinking agents of empire: The role of the United Nations in the Indonesian occupation of West Papua
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The years post-World War II were not necessarily a period of independence for everyone. This is especially the case for a number of Pacific locales, West Papua in particular, wherein one colonial power seems to have merely been switched for another. What is more, this takeover was done with the connivance of the United Nations (UN), a non-state agency which, following World War II, was designed to maintain the peace. By way of the 1969 UN-brokered Act of Free Choice, the peoples of this former Dutch colony were instead subjected to an invading Indonesian military and colonial culture. This work, whilst not only drawing attention to an under-discussed process of recolonization in the Pacific, focuses upon another, albeit overlooked method by which empires can be created, namely by way of a non-state agency. In doing so it critiques theories of empire that concentrate primarily upon large state-led entities characterized by physical conquest. Whilst it is true that big state-led powers with vast military forces bent on conquering other sovereign states are the most easily discernible of empires, we argue that this is only one type and that colonialism needs to be differentiated. We suggest that other actors, including non-state players such as private companies, religious organizations, filibusters and now, as emphasized here, international/inter-governmental organizations, should be scrutinized too.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".