An 8 mm endoscopic histotripsy array with integrated high-resolution ultrasound imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An 8 mm diameter, image-guided, annular array histotripsy transducer was fabricated and characterized. The array was laser etched on a 5 MHz, 1-3 dice and fill, PZT-5H/epoxy composite with a 45 % volume fraction. Flexible PCBs were used to electrically connect to the array elements using wirebonds. The array was backed with a low acoustic impedance epoxy mixture. A 3.6 by 3.8 mm, 64-element, 30 MHz phased array imaging probe was positioned in the center hole, to co-align the imaging plane with the bubble cloud produced by the therapy array. A custom 16-channel high voltage pulse generator was used to test the annular array for focal lengths ranging from 3- to 8-mm. An aluminum lens-focussed transducer with a 7 mm focal length was fabricated using the same piezocomposite and backing material and tested along with the histotripsy array. Simulated results from COMSOL FEM models were compared to measured results for low voltage characterization of the array and lens-focussed transducer. The measured transmit sensitivity of the array ranged from 0.113 to 0.167 MPa/V, while the lens-focussed transducer was 0.192 MPa/V. Simulated values were 0.160 to 0.174 MPa/V and 0.169 MPa/V, respectively. The measured acoustic fields showed a significantly increased depth-of-field compared the lens-focussed transducer, while the beamwidths of the array focus were comparable to the lens. The measured cavitation voltage in water was between 254 V and 498 V depending on the focal length, and 336 V for the lens-focussed transducer. The array had a lower cavitation voltage than the lens-focussed transducer for a comparable operating depth. The histotripsy array was tested in a tissue phantom and an in vivo rat brain. It was used to produce an elongated lesion in the brain by electronically steering the focal length from 3- to 8-mm axially. Real time ultrasound imaging with a Doppler overlay was used to target the tissue and monitor ablation progress, and histology confirmed the targeted tissue was fully homogenized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".