Interaction of Ionic Solution with Permeable Membranes: A Variational Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The movement of ionic solutions is an essential part of biology and technology. Fluidics, from nano-to microfluidics, is a burgeoning area of technology which is all about the movement of ionic solutions, on various scales. Many cells, tissues, and organs of animals and plants depend on osmosis, as the movement of fluids is called in biology. Indeed, the movement of fluids through channel proteins (that have a hole down their middle) is fluidics on an atomic scale. Ionic fluids are complex fluids, with energy stored in many ways. Ionic fluid flow is driven by gradients of concentration, chemical and electrical potential, and hydrostatic pressure. In this paper, a series of sharp interface models are derived for ionic solution with permeable membranes. By using the energy variation method, the unknown flux and interface conditions are derived consistently. We start from the derivation the generic model for the general case that the density of solution varies with ionic solvent concentrations and membrane is deformable. Then the constant density and fix membrane cases are derived as special cases of the generic model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".