Revisiting the Dragonfly galaxy II. Young, radiatively efficient radio-loud AGN drives massive molecular outflow in a starburst merger at <i>z</i> = 1.92
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGNs) are a unique AGN population and were thought to be preferentially associated with supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at low accretion rates. They could impact the host galaxy evolution by expelling cold gas through the jet-mode feedback. In this work, we studied CO(6−5) line emission and continuum emission in a high-redshift radio galaxy, MRC 0152−209, at z = 1.92 using ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) up to a 0.024″ resolution (corresponding to ∼200 pc at z = 1.92). This system is a starburst major merger comprising two galaxies: the north-west (NW) galaxy hosting the RLAGN with jet kinetic power Ljet ≳ 2 × 1046 erg s−1 and the other galaxy to the south-east (SE). Based on the spectral energy distribution fitting for the entire system (NW+SE galaxies), we find an AGN bolometric luminosity LAGN, bol ∼ 3 × 1046 erg s−1 with a lower limit of ∼0.9 × 1046 erg s−1 for the RLAGN. We estimate the black hole mass through MBH–M⋆ scaling relations and find an Eddington ratio of λEdd ∼ 0.07–4 conservatively by adopting the lower limit of LAGN, bol and considering the dispersion of the scaling relation. These results suggest that the RLAGN is radiatively efficient and the powerful jets could be launched from a super-Eddington accretion disc. ALMA Cycle 6 observations further reveal a massive (${M}_\mathrm{H_2}=(1.1-2.3)\times 10^9\ \rm M_\odot$), compact (∼500 pc), and monopolar molecular outflow perpendicular to the jet axis. The corresponding mass outflow rate ($1200^{+300}_{-300}-2600^{+600}_{-600}\ \mathrm{M_\odot }\ \rm yr^{-1}$) is comparable with the star formation rate of at least $\sim 2100\ \mathrm{M_\odot }\ \rm yr^{-1}$. Depending on the outflowing molecular gas mass, the outflow kinetic power/LAGN, bol ratio of ∼0.008–0.02, and momentum boost factor of ∼3–24 agree with a radiative-mode AGN feedback scenario. On the other hand, the jets can also drive the molecular outflow within its lifetime of ∼2 × 105 yr without additional energy supply from AGN radiation. The jet-mode feedback is then capable of removing all cold gas from the host galaxy through the long-term, episodic launching of jets. Our study reveals a unique object where starburst activity, powerful jets, and rapid BH growth co-exist, which may represent a fundamental stage of AGN-host galaxy co-evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".