Reversing Internal Electric Field Direction at BiVO<sub>4</sub>/TiO<sub>2</sub> Heterostructure Interface by a Thin W‐VO<sub>2</sub> Layer: Turning Waste Charge Carriers into Wealth
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In heterojunction photocatalysts, the band edge alignment and internal electric field (IEF) direction significantly affect the charge carrier separation, thus the photoconversion efficiency. For example, because of an unfavorable band alignment and compared to BiVO 4 alone, BiVO 4 /TiO 2 results in ≈24% reduction in photocurrent density in this study. Herein, a tungsten‐doped VO 2 (W‐VO 2 ) thin film is inserted between BiVO 4 and TiO 2 to modify unfavorable spike‐like conduction band offset and IEF direction in ternary heterojunction. After reversing the IEF direction and engineering the band edges through W‐VO 2 insertion, the photocurrent density is enhanced by ≈145% and ≈91% compared to BiVO 4 /TiO 2 and BiVO 4 , respectively at 1.23 V versus RHE. Besides, under visible light irradiation, the kinetics rate constant for tetracycline removal by BiVO 4 /W‐VO 2 /TiO 2 photocatalyst is 225% higher than that of BiVO 4 /TiO 2 , due to utilizing charge carriers before being recombined, without doping the BiVO 4 and TiO 2 structures. Lastly, LC‐HR‐MS/MS analysis followed by the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T.) reveals the high importance of the band alignment on the detoxification of the solution. The tunability of the VO 2 work function with a low bandgap, yet distinctive valence and conduction bands (which distinguished it from metals) opens new avenues for designing high‐performance heterojunction‐based devices.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it