Experimental realization of near-critical-density laser wakefield acceleration: Efficient pointing 100-keV-class electron beam generation by microcapillary targets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrated the generation of a pointing stable, low-divergence, low-energy electron beam driven by near-critical-density laser wakefield acceleration using a moderate low-intensity laser pulse. Electron beams with a half-beam divergence angle of ∼30 mrad were generated at laser intensities of 4 × 1016–1 × 1018 W/cm2 from a microcapillary hole. The pointing fluctuation of the electron beam was 1.8 mrad (root-mean-square) at the maximum laser intensity of 1 × 1018 W/cm2. The energies of the electron beam were up to 400 keV at 1 × 1018 W/cm2 and 50 keV even at 1 × 1016 W/cm2. We confirmed that the peak energy of the hump or cutoff energy of the electron beams was reproduced in particle-in-cell simulation. Such low divergence electron beam generation at sub-relativistic intensity (1016 to 1017 W/cm2 order) will lead to various applications of laser-driven keV-class electron beams, such as advanced radiotherapy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".