Description of a tetrapod trackway from the early Carboniferous Bonaventure Formation of New Brunswick, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Bonaventure Formation is an early Carboniferous fossil-bearing rock unit that crops out in northern New Brunswick and eastern Quebec, eastern Canada. Here, we describe CMNFV 10013, a tetrapod trackway found in Bonaventure Formation outcrops on Heron Island, New Brunswick, by Robert Wheelock Ells in 1879. The specimen shows at least seven prints including two pes–manus couples, one of which is sufficiently well preserved to be attributable to Hylopus isp. Several underprints significantly depart from typical Hylopus tracks and emphasise the importance of considering taphonomy when identifying fossil trackways. CMNFV 10013 is the first described fossil reported from the Bonaventure Formation. It extends the Carboniferous Maritimes Basin tetrapod trackway record northwards and represents one of the oldest tetrapod trackways from Canada. Reviewing the global record of Hylopus isp. reveals CMNFV 10013 is also one of the earliest Hylopus found. This global record also reveals that Hylopus occurrences are clustered around the paleotropics, possibly suggesting a biogeographical preference. This specimen highlights the importance of describing forgotten museum specimens. Future research should focus on undescribed museum specimens and contributing to existing collections through fieldwork in the promising rocks of Heron Island.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".