3D volume reconstruction for pediatric scoliosis evaluation using motion-tracked ultrasound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have evaluated AI-segmented 3D spine ultrasound for scoliosis measurement in a feasibility study of pediatric patients enrolled over two months in the orthopedic clinic at Children’s National Hospital. Patients who presented to clinic for scoliosis evaluation were invited to participate and their spines were scanned using the method. Our system consists of three Optitrack cameras which track a Clarius wireless ultrasound probe and infrared marked waistbelt. Proprietary SpineUs software uses neural networks to build a volumetric reproduction of the spine in real-time using a laptop computer. We can approximate the maximal lateral curvature using the transverse process angle of the virtual reconstruction; these angles were compared to those from the radiographic exams for each patient from the same visit. Scans and radiographs from five patients were examined and demonstrate a linear correlation between both measurement results with an average angle variance from the radiographs of ±1.3 degrees. Our results indicate that the SpineUs system is a potential alternative to x-ray imaging in scoliosis measurement that allows for rapid integration into the workflow of an active clinical spinal deformity practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".