Design, Control, and Validation of a Brake-by-Wire Actuator for Scaled Electric Vehicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
X-by-wire technology is revolutionizing the automotive industry, enabling the implementation of superior advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to augment the driving experience. For cost-effective X-by-wire ADAS module development, testing can be conducted on scaled vehicles. While drive-by-wire and steer-by-wire are simple to implement on scaled vehicles, there have been no applications of scaled brake-by-wire systems. This letter presents the design, control, and validation of a cable-driven brake-by-wire system. Implementing a series elastic actuator and modelling the brake-by-wire system with high fidelity eliminates any sensor requirements within the brake caliper, allowing brake-by-wire capability to be added without increasing the vehicle's unsprung mass. The designed system was constructed and tested to validate the proposed system model and controller, setting the groundwork for future development of brake-by-wire ADAS systems on scaled vehicles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".