De l'harmonisation du droit des contrats publics vers la construction d'un droit international des contrats publics
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The harmonization of public procurement law is a legal phenomenon. This phenomenon is characterized by the introduction of rules governing public tenders in order to broaden access to the public procurement market.This phenomenon can be seen from the 1970s onwards and is taking place in different legal contexts: within regional and sub-regional international organizations, within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and within the framework of Free Trade Agreements (FTA), which leads to differing harmonization and a multiplicity of rules. These rules require harmonization to avoid contradictions and uncertainties. While the harmonization of these rules is not uniform, they share various commonalities: each harmonization is based on the principle of non-discrimination within a Community legal order (as the Union Europe) or non-Community legal order (as the FTA or the WTO Law).In this context, each harmonization introduces transparency rules and redress for the protection of free competition.In addition, free competition involves market protection through the penal law. In that connection, the UN Convention against Corruption and other international treaties are very important; however, the rules of territoriality and extraterritoriality that underpin these treaties raise a question: how many times may a person be punished for the same acts in the context of an international public tender?Moreover, there are various branches of international Law (IL) which intersect and influence public procurement law such as, for example, the IL of labour, the three generations of human rights, the IL of indigenous peoples, the arbitration, etc. Within the framework of economic IL, there are two areas that influence public procurement law: on the one hand, the relationship between WTO Law on public procurement and some IL rules different from WTO Law; and, on the other hand, the assimilation and non-assimilation of the most-favored-nation clause in the context of each harmonization (this clause extrapolates the benefits of an international treaty in favor of a third party).This thesis tries to determine the impact of harmonization on IL. It will be shown that there are various elements for the construction of a public procurement IL under the conventional IL, without losing sight of the customary Law or the “soft Law” or the contracts under the IL of investments. However, it is difficult to speak of the existence of an public procurement IL as a subsystem of international Law that covers uniformly the diversity of existing contracts and the phases or stages of the contract (public tenders, award of the contract, execution of contracts and dispute settlement); but a set of trends in public procurement Law is perfectly perceptible in our time.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it