Stored Elastic Bending Tension as a Mediator of Embryonic Body Folding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During development, amniote vertebrate embryos transform from a flat, multi-layered sheet into a three-dimensional cylindrical form, through ventral folding of the lateral sides of the sheet (the lateral plate, LP) and their fusion in the ventral midline. Although this basic aspect of vertebrate body plan formation has long been described, it is not understood at the mechanistic level. Each side of the LP is comprised of two tissue layers: a dorsal somatopleure (Sop) of pseudostratified coelomic epithelium, extracellular matrix (ECM) and ectoderm, and a ventral splanchnopleure (Spl) of similar construction except with endoderm instead of ectoderm. Using a chick embryo slice system we find that the flat stage is actually a poised balance of opposing elastic bending tensions, with dorsal bending tension in the Sop opposing ventral bending tension in the Spl. An intact extracellular matrix is required for generating the bending tensions, as localized enzymatic digestion of Sop or Spl ECM dissipates tension, while removal of the endodermal or ectodermal layers has no effect. As development proceeds, the Sop undergoes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, ECM fragmentation and dissipation of dorsal bending tension, while the Spl ECM and ventral bending tension remain intact, thus changing the balance of bending forces in the LP to promote ventral folding. Consistent with these findings, interference with the elastic ECM component fibrillin in the Spl in vivo reduces stored bending tension and perturbs ventral body folding. A generalizable conceptual model is presented in which embryonic growth, in the context of specific embryonic geometrical constraints, leads to accumulation of bending tension in the LP ECM, which is harnessed to drive body folding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".