High-resolution petrophysical, geochemical, and geomechanical profiling of a 230-m continuous core from the Montney Formation, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Low-permeability (tight) siltstones and mudstones of the Montney Formation in western Canada are currently being exploited with multistage fractured horizontal wells. A significant challenge for development is effectively targeting zones for lateral placement and hydraulic fracture stimulation within the typically thick (up to 350 m) gross Montney interval. At the vertical resolution of common well-log suites, the Montney displays limited variability, with important centimeter-scale changes in petrophysical and geomechanical properties, which can affect reservoir quality, being undetectable. An unprecedented high-resolution data set consisting of elemental compositions (from x-ray fluorescence), permeability (using a profile permeameter), and rock hardness (using a microrebound hammer tool) was obtained from a continuous core (230 m) sampling of the entire Montney, as well as small intervals of the bounding formations. These nondestructive tests were collected on the slabbed core at 2.5-cm intervals (approximately 10,000 measurement points). Routine core data (porosity, permeability, etc.), collected sporadically throughout the 210-m interval covering the Montney portion of the core, and a conventional log suite were also available for comparison with the high-resolution data set. Vertical profiling results demonstrate that the entire Montney Formation (Lower and Middle Members) exhibits significant centimeter-scale heterogeneity. These members are easily distinguished with the high-resolution data set, and reservoir quality trends (as quantified with permeability and rock hardness) are similarly easily inferred. As a result, targets for horizontal lateral placement can be confidently selected. In addition, the high-resolution profiling method proposed herein may have important applications for simulating hydraulic fracture height growth and for selecting appropriate and representative samples (e.g., core plugs). For the former, low-hardness, organic-rich mudstone beds and weak interfaces with more competent rock could act to blunt hydraulic fracture growth. For the latter, the centimeter-scale resolution of profiling enables sampling of lithologies for which reservoir properties vary at the centimeter scale, which is not possible through well-log analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".