Fresnel Zone-Based Voting With Capsule Networks for Human Activity Recognition From Channel State Information
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wireless local-area network (WLAN) sensing offers advantages over other approaches to human activity recognition (HAR) for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including privacy as well as adaptability to non-line-of-sight scenarios. This is why HAR plays an important role in the upcoming IEEE 802.11bf Wi-Fi standard, which aims to bring the adoption of WLAN sensing to a much larger scale. In this paper, we propose CapsHAR, a model based on capsule networks, which uses channel state information (CSI) from Wi-Fi signals to accurately perform human activity recognition. We evaluate the capability of the model on a variety of datasets, including large and small-scale gestures, as well as compare its performance to a variety of models and approaches. We then extend the CapsHAR model into a distributed architecture in order to eliminate the communication overhead of sending CSI data from multiple access points (AP) to a single server. We propose the use of edge computing to run CapsHAR at each AP separately, then combine the outputs of the models through a Fresnel zone-based voting scheme which makes more efficient use of spatial diversity. Overall, the CapsHAR architecture consistently achieves classification accuracy surpassing that of the state-of-the-art models, demonstrating the viability of capsule networks for reliable HAR in Wi-Fi-based IoT applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".