Differential Adaptive Immune Responses Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Compared to Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits distinct clinical features in children and adults. Profiling the adaptive immune response following infection in children is essential to better understand and characterize these differences. Methods Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses from unvaccinated pediatric and adult participants were analyzed following asymptomatic or mild non-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection. Levels of IgG and IgA targeting spike (S), receptor-binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were measured, while neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers were assessed against three viral strains (Wuhan, Omicron BA.1 and BA.4/BA.5). Specific T-cell memory responses were investigated by quantifying interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cells after stimulation with ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2, and seasonal human β- coronaviruses (HCoV)-OC43 and -HKU1. Results The study comprised 28 children (3 to 17 [median=10] years old) and 28 adults (19 to 62 [median=42]). At a mean time of seven months (± 2.8 months) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, children and adults mounted comparable antibody levels against S and RBD, as well as similar neutralization capacity. However, children displayed a weaker cellular memory response to SARS- CoV-2 than adults, with a median of 88 [28-184] spot forming units per million of PBMCs in children compared to 208 [141-340] in adults (***, P < .001). In children, the level of IFN-γ secreting cells in response to SARS-CoV-2 corresponds to that of seasonal coronaviruses. Conclusion Long-term memory T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are enhanced in adults compared to children who demonstrate equivalent responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoV. HIGHLIGHTS Children infected with SARS-CoV-2 show comparable binding and neutralizing antibody levels as adults seven months after infection. There are notable differences in the intensity of the T-cell response following SARS-CoV- 2 infection between children and adults. Children have more pronounced T-cell immunodominance towards the spike versus non- spike proteins compared to adults at seven months post-infection In contrast, T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are globally reduced in children compared to adults but are alike to other seasonal β-coronaviruses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".