Investigation of the effect of permeation and antifouling characteristics of hybrid poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes tailored with <scp>ZIF</scp>‐67 metal–organic frameworks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Herein the ZIF‐67, a hydrophilic cobalt‐based zeolitic imidazolate framework is synthesized and incorporated with a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to fabricate hybrid ultrafiltration membranes by phase inversion method. The characteristics of PVDF/ZIF‐67 membranes are examined using different analytical techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and contact angle analysis. The membrane performance is probed using pure water flux (PWF), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and humic acid (HA) rejection. The maximum water flux of 162.5 Lm 2 h −1 with BSA and HA rejection of 97% and 98.2%, respectively, exhibited by 1.5 wt% ZIF‐67. The contact angle value is reduced from 83.5 to 58.6° indicating the increase in hydrophilic nature of PVDF membranes by the addition of ZIF‐67. The presence of ZIF‐67 in the PVDF membrane matrix showed outstanding anti‐bacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Overall, the PVDF/ZIF‐67 ultrafiltration membranes demonstrate the potential for water treatment applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".