Effects of Climate Change on Oceanic Sonar Use in the Upper European Continental Shelf
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the global effects of climate change become more known year by year, it becomes ever-more pertinent to examine the effects this may bring for every aspect of modern life we rely on. One topic of focus is that of multi-frequency sonar communication and navigational systems, which rely on well-established relationships relating to wave speed, signal intensity, and attenuation. We compiled data on oceanic temperature, acidity, and salinity in the Upper European Shelf, which includes the North Sea and Mediterranean Sea, from 2006 to 2072 using the CMIP5 future climate model in the RCP8.5 scenario. We calculate that the speed of sound in the northern European oceanic area will decrease by almost 18 m/s by 2072, with an average yearly decrease in sound speed by 0.37 m/s. The attenuation of sound through water will change year by year, calculated based on a higher-order polynomial regression dependent on the frequency of sonar used. The maximum operating ranges of active low-frequency, mid-frequency, and high-frequency sonar systems would theoretically change by +0.06%, -0.19%, and +0.71%, respectively per year, if no other factors are affected. Due to increased sound propagation, the ambient noise level of the ocean would also increase and have some counter-effect to the increased detection range however that increase in noise level was not quantitatively analyzed in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".