Immunity to stripe rust in wheat: A case study of a hypersensitive-response (HR)- independent resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Avocet-Yr15
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is emerging as a serious threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in many regions of North America. Genetic resistance to stripe rust is typically conditioned by the products of resistance genes that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiate a cascade of signalling events, culminating in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a hypersensitive response (HR) that eventually suppress the pathogen. Complete resistance with no symptoms (immunity response) has also been observed, but less frequently, in certain Pst-wheat interactions. However, such HR-independent resistance responses to Pst have not been well studied. Here we report that the Pst-resistant near isogenic line Avocet-Yr15 (carrying the Yr15 resistance gene) exhibited an immunity response to an isolate of Pst collected in Elora, Ontario, while the Avocet-S line (lacking Yr15) was highly susceptible to the same isolate. In particular, histochemical assays of defence-associated ROS generation and HR were negative during the early stages of the interaction between Pst and the resistant Avocet-Yr15. Microscopic analysis indicated that the pathogen was not able to penetrate the stomata of Avocet-Yr15. Moreover, RNA-sequencing of the immunity response of Avocet-Yr15 to Pst highlighted the activation of a global anti-oxidative-stress response consisting of genes involved in the maintenance of cell viability, redox homoeostasis and photosynthesis. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling the immunity response to stripe rust of wheat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".