New species and reports of <i>Cuphophyllus</i> from northern North America compared with related Eurasian species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study describes four gray or brown species of <i>Cuphophyllus</i> (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), two of them new species, restricted to arctic-alpine and northern boreal zones of North America, and relates them morphologically and phylogenetically using multigene and nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS (ITS barcode) analyses to their similar, known counterparts. <i>Cuphophyllus cinerellus</i>, epitypified here, is shown to be a pan-palearctic species with sequence-confirmed collections from Fennoscandia and easternmost Asia. Occupying a similar habitat in the Nearctic is its sister species, the morphologically similar but novel <i>C. esteriae</i>, so far known only from eastern North America, including Greenland. Sister to the <i>C. cinerellus</i>–<i>C. esteriae</i> lineage, and known only from boreal raised <i>Sphagnum</i> bogs in Newfoundland, is a new medium-sized light cinereous brown species, <i>C. lamarum</i>. It has a yellow stipe but is phylogenetically distant from the yellow-stiped European <i>C. flavipes</i> and its North American sister species, <i>Hygrophorus pseudopallidus</i>. As cryptic speciation was discovered within <i>C. flavipes</i>, we lecto- and epitypify the name and transfer <i>H. pseudopallidus</i> to <i>Cuphophyllus</i> based on ITS analysis of the holotype. We also transfer the small European <i>Hygrocybe comosa</i> to <i>Cuphophyllus</i> based on morphology. <i>Cuphophyllus hygrocyboides</i> is reported from North America with the first sequence-confirmed collections from arctic-alpine British Columbia and Greenland. In addition, sequencing the holotype of <i>C. subviolaceus</i> identifies it as the sister species to the putative <i>C. lacmus</i>. Both species seem to have an intercontinental distribution. In total, we add new sequences to GenBank from 37 <i>Cuphophyllus</i> collections, including the holotypes of <i>C. hygrocyboides</i> and <i>C. subviolaceus</i>, the two new epitypes, and the two novel species.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.061 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".