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Large-scale phenotyping of patients with long COVID post-hospitalization reveals mechanistic subtypes of disease
Felicity Liew, Claudia Efstathiou, Sara Fontanella, Matthew Richardson, Ruth Saunders, Dawid Swieboda, Jasmin Sidhu, Stephanie Ascough, Noura Mohamed, J Nunag, Clara King, Olivia C. Leavy, Omer Elneima, Hamish McAuley, Aarti Shikotra, Amisha Singapuri, Marco Sereno, Victoria Harris, Linzy Houchen-Wolloff, Neil Greening, Nazir Lone, A. A. Roger Thompson, Sarah Rowland‐Jones, Annemarie B Docherty, James D. Chalmers, Ling‐Pei Ho, Alex Horsley, Betty Raman, Michael Marks, Onn Min Kon, Luke Howard, Dan Wootton, Thushan I. de Silva, Antonia Ho, Christopher Chiu, William Greenhalf, J. Kenneth Baillie, Malcolm G. Semple, Lance Turtle, Rachael A Evans, Louise V. Wain, Christopher E. Brightling, Ryan S. Thwaites, Peter Openshaw, Kathryn M. Abel, Huzaifa Adamali, Davies Adeloye, Oluwaseun Adeyemi, Rita Adrego, L A Aguilar Jimenez, Shanaz Ahmad, Nafees Haider, Rubina Ahmed, Nyarko Ahwireng, Mark Ainsworth, Asma Alamoudi, Mariam Ali, M Aljaroof, Louise Allan, Richard J. Allen, L. Allerton, Lynne Allsop, Ann Marie Allt, Paula Almeida, B Al-Sheklly, Maria Alvarez Corral, Shannon Amoils, David Anderson, Charalambos Antoniades, Ava Maria Arias, Chérie Armour, Lisa Armstrong, Natalie Armstrong, David Arnold, H Arnold, Abdul Ashish, Andrew Ashworth, Shahab Aslani, H Assefa-Kebede, Paul Atkin, Catherine Atkin, Raminder Aul, Hnin Aung, Liam Austin, Cristina Avram, Nikos Avramidis, A Ayoub, Marta Babores, Rhiannon R Baggott, J. Bagshaw, David Baguley, Elisabeth Bailey, Majda Bakali, M Bakau, Eileen Baldry, Molly M Baldwin, David S. Baldwin, Clive Ballard, Amita Banerjee, Dongchun Bang, Ruth E Barker, L Barman, Perdita E. Barran, Shaney Barratt, Fiona Barrett, Donna Basire, Neil Basu, Michelle Bates, Andrew Bates, Rachel L. Batterham, Helen Baxendale, Gabrielle Baxter, Hannah Bayes, Michael Beadsworth, Paul Beckett, M. Beggs, M Begum, Paul Beirne, Murdina Bell, Robert M. Bell, Kaytie Bennett, Eva Beranová, Areti Bermperi, Anthony Berridge, Colin Berry, Sarah Betts, Emily Bevan, Kamaldeep Bhui, Michelle Bingham, K Birchall, Lettie Bishop, Karen Bisnauthsing, John Blaikely, Angela Bloss, Annette Bolger, Charlotte E. Bolton, James Bonnington, A Botkai, Charlotte Bourne, Michelle Bourne, Kate Bramham, Lucy Brear, Gerome Breen, Jonathon Breeze, K Breeze, Andrew Briggs, E Bright, Simon Brill, Khara Croswaite Brindle, Lauren Broad, A Broadley, Claire Brookes, Mattew Broome, Vanessa Brown, Mike Brown, Jo Brown, Ammani Brown, Angela Brown, Jeremy Brown, Nigel J. Brunskill, Mamta Buch, Phil Buckley, Anda Bularga, Edward T. Bullmore, J Bunker, L. Burden, Tracy Burdett, David J. Burn, Graham Burns, Angus C. Burns, John Busby, Robyn Butcher, Al-Tahoor Butt, Suzanne Byrne, Paula Cairns, Philip C. Calder, E Calvelo, H Carborn, Bethany Card, Caitlin Carr, Liesel Carr, Penny Carter, Anna Casey, Mark Philip Cassar, Manish Chablani, Trudie Chalder, Rachel C. Chambers, Flora Chan, Keith M. Channon, Kerry L. Chapman, Amanda Charalambou, Nazia Chaudhuri, Anna M. Checkley, Jin Chen, Yutung Cheng, L Chetham, Caroline E. Childs, Edwin R. Chilvers, Hector Chinoy, Amedeo Chiribiri, K Chong-James, Noura J. Choudhury, Gaunab Choudhury, Phil Chowienczyk, C D C Christie, M Chrystal, Cameron Clark, David Clark, Jude Clarke, G Coakley, Zach Coburn, S Coetzee, Joby Cole, Chris Coleman, F Conneh, David Connell, Bronwen Connolly, Lynda Connor, Amanda Cook, Shirley Cooper, Brendan Cooper, Josh Cooper, Donna R. Copeland, Tracey Cosier, Eamon Coughlan, M Coulding, C Coupland, Eleanor Cox, Thelma Craig, Philippe Crisp, Daniele Cristiano, Michael G. Crooks, Andy Cross, Isabel Cf da Cruz, Paul Cullinan, Daniel J. Cuthbertson, Luke Daines, Matthhew Dalton, Patrick Daly, Alison Daniels, Paul Dark, Joanne Dasgin, Anthony S. David, Ffyon Davies, Ellie Davies, Kim Davies, Gareth Davies, Gwyneth A. Davies, Melanie J. Davies, Joy Dawson, Camilla Dawson, Enya Daynes, Anthony De Soyza, J.F.W. Deakin, Andrew Deans, C Deas, Joanne Deery, Sylviane Defres, Amanda Dell, K Dempsey, Emma Denneny, John Dennis, Amy Dewar, R Dharmagunawardena, N Diar-Bakerly, Caroline Dickens, A Dipper, Sarah Diver, S N Diwanji, Myles Dixon, Ratko Djukanović, Hannah Dobson, Stephen L. Dobson, A Donaldson, Tao Dong, Natalie Dormand, Andrew Dougherty, Rachael Dowling, Stephen Drain, Katharine Draxlbauer, Katie Drury, P Dulawan, A Dunleavy, Sarah Dunn, Cathérine Dupont, J Earley, Nicholas Easom, Carlos Echevarria, Sarah Edwards, Charlotte L. Edwardson, Anne Elliott, Katharine Elliott, Y Ellis, Anne Elmer, H El-Taweel, Teriann Evans, R. C. EVANS, D Evans, Helen Evans, Jonathon Evans, C Evenden, Lynsey Evison, Laura Fabbri, Sara Fairbairn, Alexandra Fairman, K Fallon, David Faluyi, C Favager, T Fayzan, James Featherstone, Tim Felton, Vanessa M. Ferreira, J Finch, Selina Finney, J Finnigan, Lucy Finnigan, Helen L. Fisher, Sophie Fletcher, Rachel Flockton, Margaret A. Flynn, H Foot, David Foote, Daniel Forton, E Fraile, C Francis, Richard Francis, Susan Francis, Anew Frankel, Emily Fraser, Rob Free, Neil French, Xiaotong Fu, James Furniss, Lucie Garner, Nandan Gautam, John Geddes, Peter M. George, Michael Gibbons, Rhyan Gill, Mandy Gill, L Gilmour, Fergus Gleeson, J Glossop, Sarah Glover, Nicola Goodman, C W Goodwin, Bibek Gooptu, Hussain Gordon, T Gorsuch, M Greatorex, Paul L. Greenhaff, Alan Greenhalgh, John P. Greenwood, Rebecca Gregory, Heidi Gregory, D Grieve, Denise Griffin, Lori Griffiths, Anne-Marie Guerdette, Beatriz Guillén‐Guío, Mahitha Gummadi, Ayushman Gupta, Elspeth Guthrie, Zoe Guy, Kate Hadley, Ahmed M. Haggar, Kera Hainey, Brigid Hairsine, Pranabashis Haldar, Lucy Hall, Ian P. Hall, Mark Halling‐Brown, R Hamil, Alyson Hancock, Kia Hancock, Neil A. Hanley, Sulaimaan Haq, Hayley Hardwick, Tim Hardy, Elaine Hardy, Beverley Hargadon, Kate Harrington, Edward Harris, Paul J. Harrison, Nicholas Hart, Alice Harvey, Matt Harvey, M Harvie, Lynn Haslam‐Larmer, Claire E. Hastie, May Havinden-Williams, J. Hawkes, N Hawkings, J Haworth, Adrian Hayday, Matthew Haynes, Jon Hazeldine, Tracy Hazelton, Liam G. Heaney, Cheryl Heeley, Jonathon Heeney, Melissa Heightman, Simon Heller, Helen Henson, L Hesselden, Melanie Hewitt, V Highett, Toby Hillman, T Hiwot, Amy Hoare, J Hockridge, Philip J. Hogarth, Ailsa Holbourn, Sophie Holden, Luke Holdsworth, D Holgate, Maureen Holland, L Holloway, Katie Holmes, Megan R. Holmes, B Holroyd-Hind, L Holt, Akram A. Hosseini, Matthew Hotopf, Kate Howard, Alice Howell, E Hufton, Rachel Ann Hughes, Joan Hughes, Alun D. Hughes, Amy Humphries, Nathan T. M. Huneke, E Hurditch, John R. Hurst, Masud Husain, Tracy Hussell, John Hutchinson, Wadah Ibrahim, F Ilyas, Julie Ingham, L Ingram, D Ionita, K Isaacs, Khalida Ismail, Thomas Jackson, Joseph Jacob, W Y James, Wooyoung Jang, Claire Jarman, Ian Jarrold, Hannah Jarvis, R Jastrub, Bhagy Jayaraman, Gísli Jenkins, Peter Jezzard, Kasim Jiwa, Candace Johnson, Simon R. Johnson, Desmond G. Johnston, Caroline J. Jolley, S Jones, H. Jones, L Jones, Ian A. Jones, Graeme Jones, Heather Jones, Mark G. Jones, Don Jones, Sherly Jose, Thomas Kabir, Georgios Kaltsakas, Vicky Kamwa, N. Kanellakis, S Kaprowska, Zunaira Kausar, Natalie Keenan, Sadie Kelly, Graham J. Kemp, Steven Kerr, Helen Kerslake, Angela Key, Fasihul Khan, Kamlesh Khunti, Susan Kilroy, Bernie King, Lucy Kingham, Jill Kirk, Paaig Kitterick, Paul Klenerman, Lucy Knibbs, Sean Knight, Abigail Knighton, Samantha S.C. Kon, Ania Korszun, Ivan Koychev, Claire Kurasz, Prathiba Kurupati, Charles Laing, Hanan Lamlum, G Landers, Claudia Langenberg, Lara Lavelle-Langham, Allan Lawrie, Cathy Lawson, Claire Lawson, A Layton, A Lea, Ju Hee Lee, E. Lee, Dongjin Lee, Karen Leitch, R Lenagh, Victoria Lewis, Joanne Lewis, Keir Lewis, Daniel J. Lewis, N Lewis-Burke, X. Li, Tessa Light, Liz Lightstone, W. Lilaonitkul, Lai Lim, S Linford, Anne Lingford‐Hughes, Marc Lipman, Kamal Liyanage, Arwel Lloyd, Sarah Logan, David A. Lomas, Ronda Loosley, Janet M. Lord, Harpreet Lota, Wayne Lovegrove, Daniel Lozano-Rojas, Alice Lucey, Gardiner Lucy, Elena Lukaschuk, Alison Lye, Ceri Lynch, Steven MacDonald, Guy MacGowan, Irene Macharia, J Mackie, L Macliver, S Madathil, Gladys Madzamba, N Magee, N Mairs, Nauman Majeed, Eugene O. Major, Flora Malein, Michael H. Malim, Georgia Mallison, William D‐C Man, Sema Mandal, Kenneth Mangion, Charlotte Manisty, R Manley, Katherine March, Stefan J. Marciniak, Philip Marino, Myril Mariveles, E Marouzet, S. Marsh, Michael S. Marshall, Ben G. Marshall, Jane Martin, Adrian R. Martineau, Luis M. Martínez, Nick Maskell, Darwin Matila, Wadzanai Matimba-Mupaya, Laura Matthews, Angeline Mbuyisa, R. Hamish McAllister‐Williams, Paul McArdle, Anne McArdle, D McAulay, Gerry P McCann, W McCormick, Jacqueline McCormick, P McCourt, Celeste McCracken, Lorcan McGarvey, Christopher McGee, Kirsty McGee, J McGinness, K McGlynn, Andrew McGovern, Heather McGuinness, Iain B. McInnes, J McIntosh, E McIvor, K McIvor, L McLeavey, Aisling McMahon, Michael McMahon, Liam McMorrow, Teresa McNally, Melitta A. McNarry, J McNeill, Alison McQueen, H McShane, C Mears, Clare Megson, S Megson, Puja Mehta, James Meiring, L Melling, Mark Mencias, Ricarda Menke, Daniel Menzies, Marta Merida Morillas, Alice Michael, Benedict Michael, Chris Miller, Lea Milligan, Nicholas L. Mills, E. N. Clare Mills, George Mills, L Milner, S Misra, Jane A. Mitchell, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Sarhan Mohammed, Philip L. Molyneaux, Will Monteiro, S Moriera, Anna Morley, Leigh Morrison, Richard Morriss, A Morrow, Paul Moss, K Motohashi, N Msimanga, Elizabeta B. Mukaetova‐Ladinska, Jennifer Murira, H Nassa, Mariam Nasseri, Rashmita Nathu, Aoife Neal, Robert Needham, Paula Neill, Stefan Neubauer, David E. Newby, Helen Newell, Joseph Newman, Tom Newman, A. Newton-Cox, Thomas E. Nichols, Timothy R. Nicholson, Christos Nicolaou, Debby Nicoll, A. Nikolaidis, Christina Nikolaidou, Claire M. Nolan, Matthew Noonan, Chris Norman, Petr Novotný, Kimon Ntotsis, Lorenza Nwafor, U Nwanguma, J Nyaboko, Linda O’Brien, Conor O’Brien, Natasha Odell, Godwin Ogbole, Graham S. Ogg, Catherine Oliver, Zohra Omar, David O'Regan, L. Orriss-Dib, Lynn Osborne, R Osbourne, Marlies Ostermann, Charlotte Overton, J. Owen, J Oxton, Jamie Pack, Edmund Pacpaco, Stella‐Maria Paddick, Sharon Painter, Erola Pairo‐Castineira, Ashkan Pakzad, Sue Palmer, Kitty Paques, Kerry Paradowski, Manish Pareek, Dhruv Parekh, Helen Parfrey, Carmen Pariante, Sean Parker, Miles Parkes, J. Parmar, Sheetal Patale, Manish Patel, Brij Patel, Suhani Patel, D Pattenadk, M Pavlides, Sheila Payne, Lorraine Pearce, John E. Pearl, Dan Peckham, Jessica Pendlebury, Yanchun Peng, Christopher Pennington, Ida Peralta, Emma Perkins, Zhane Peterkin, Tünde Pető, Nayia Petousi, John R. Petrie, Paul Pfeffer, Janet Phipps, Stefan K. Piechnik, John Pimm, Karen Piper Hanley, Riinu Pius, H Plant, Sven Plein, Tatiana Plekhanova, Megan Plowright, Oliver Polgar, Lonneke van de Poll, Julie Porter, Joanna C. Porter, S Portukhay, Natassia Powell, A Prabhu, James Pratt, Andrea Price, Claire Price, Carly Price, L Price, D Price, A Prickett, I Propescu, J. Propescu, S. Prosper, S. Pugmire, Sheena Quaid, Jackie Quigley, H Qureshi, Imran Nazir Qureshi, Kavita Radhakrishnan, Najib M. Rahman, Markus Ralser, Albert Ramos, J Rangeley, Bojidar Rangelov, Liz Ratcliffe, Phillip Ravencroft, Konrad Rawlik, A Reddington, Raghunath Reddy, A. Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy, H Redfearn, Dawn Redwood, Annabel Reed, M. Agnes van Rees, Tabitha Rees, Karen Regan, Will Reynolds, Carla Ribeiro, A Richards, Emma Richardson, Pilar Rivera‐Ortega, K. Roberts, Elizabeth Robertson, Leanne J. Robinson, Emma Robinson, L Roche, Chloe Roddis, J. Rodger, Natalie Rogers, Gavin J. S. Ross, Alexandra Ross, Jennifer Rossdale, Anthony Rostron, Anna Rowe, J Rowland, Matthew Rowland, Maura Roy, Krishna Chandra Roy, Igor Rudan, Richard Russell, Emily Russell, Gwen Saalmink, Ramsey Sabit, Beth Sage, T Samakomva, Nilesh J. Samani, A A Samat, Claire Sampson, Katherine Samuel, Reena Samuel, Zeena‐Britt Sanders, Amy Sanderson, Elizabeth Sapey, Dinesh Saralaya, J. Sargant, C Sarginson, Thea Sass, Naveed Sattar, Kathryn J. Saunders, Peter Saunders, Laura Saunders, Heather Savill, W Saxon, Avan Aihie Sayer, J Schronce, J. T. Scott, Kathryn Scott, Terri Ann Sewell, Kamini Shah, Ajay M. Shah, Pallav L. Shah, Manish Sharma, Claire C. Sharpe, Michael Sharpe, S Shashaa, Alison Shaw, Victoria Shaw, Karen Shaw, Aziz Sheikh, Sarah Shelton, L Shenton, K Shevket, Jay M. Short, Sulman Siddique, Salman Siddiqui, J Sidebottom, Louise Sigfrid, Gemma Simons, Neil Simpson, John Simpson, Ananga Singapuri, Suver Singh, Claire Singh, Sally Singh, D Sissons, J Skeemer, Katie Slack, D Smith, Darren Smith, Andrew Smith, Jacqui Smith, Laurie Smith, Susan Smith, M Soares, Teresa Solano, Reanne Solly, A R Solstice, T Soulsby, David Southern, D. Sowter, Mark Spears, Lisa Spencer, F Speranza, Louise Stadon, Stefan Stanel, Richard P. Steeds, N Steele, Mike Steiner, David J. Stensel, G Stephens, Lorraine Stephenson, M Stern, Iain Stewart, R Stimpson, Sue Stockdale, James Stockley, Wendy Stoker, Roisin Stone, Will Storrar, A. Storrie, Kim Storton, Elizabeth M. Stringer, Sophia Strong-Sheldrake, Natalie Stroud, Christian P Subbe, Charlotte Summers, Christina Summersgill, Debbie Sutherland, Dominic L. Sykes, Robert Sykes, Nick P. Talbot, Ai Lyn Tan, Lawrence Tarusan, Vera Tavoukjian, Jessica Taylor, Abigail Taylor, Chris Taylor, John‐Paul Taylor, Amelie Te, H Tedd, Caroline Tee, J Teixeira, Helen Tench, Sarah Terry, Susannah Thackray-Nocera, Favas Thaivalappil, B Thamu, David Thickett, David Thomas, S Thomas, Caradog Thomas, Andrew Thomas, T Thomas-Woods, Tamika Thompson, T Thornton, Jo Tilley, N Tinker, Gerlynn Tiongson, Martin D. Tobin, Johanne Tomlinson, Catherine Tong, Mark Toshner, Rhian M. Touyz, Thomas A. Treibel, K A Tripp, Drupad K. Trivedi, Elizabeth M. Tunnicliffe, Alison E. Turnbull, Kim Turner, Sarah Turner, Victoria Turner, Emma L. Turner, Sharon Turney, Helena Turton, J Ugoji, R Ugwuoke, Rachel Upthegrove, Jonathon Valabhji, Maximina Ventura, Joanne Vere, Carinna Vickers, Ben Vinson, Ioannis Vogiatzis, Elaine Wade, Phillip Wade, Tania Wainwright, L O Wajero, S Walder, S Walker, Emma Wall, T Wallis, Sarah R. Walmsley, Simon Walsh, Jessica A. Walsh, Louise Warburton, Tom Ward, Katie Warwick, Helen Wassall, Samuel Waterson, Lea C. Watson, Ekaterina Watson, James Watson, M Webster, H Welch, Carly Welch, B Welsh, Simon Wessely, Sophie West, Heather Weston, Helen Wheeler, Sonia White, Victoria Whitehead, Julie Whitney, Spence Whittaker, Beverley Whittam, V Whitworth, Andrew Wight, Martin R. Wilkins, Dan Wilkinson, Nick Williams, Nefyn Williams, Bryan Williams, Jenny Williams, S A Williams-Howard, Michelle Willicombe, Gemma Willis, James Willoughby, Ann Wilson, Imogen Wilson, Daisy Wilson, Nicola Window, Miles D. Witham, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, C Wood, Felix Woodhead, Janet Woods, Joanne Wormleighton, J Worsley, David C. Wraith, Caroline Wrey Brown, Clinton B. Wright, S. Wright, Louise Wright, J Wyles, Inez Wynter, C Xie, Moucheng Xu, S Yasmin, Tom Yates, Kay Por Yip, Susan Young, Bob Young, Alison L. Young, Ahmed Yousuf, Amira Zawia, Lisa Zeidan, Bang Zhao, Bang Zheng, O Zongo, Kayode Adeniji, Daniel Agranoff, Ken Agwuh, Katie A. Ahmed, Dhiraj Ail, Erin L. Aldera, Ana Alegria, Beatrice Alex, Sam Allen, Petros Andrikopoulos, Brian Angus, J. A. Armstrong, Milton Ashworth, Innocent G. Asiimwe, Dougal Atkinson, Benjamin Bach, Siddharth Bakshi, William Barclay, Shahedal Bari, Gavin Barlow, Samantha L Barlow, Stella Barnass, Nicholas Barrett, Christopher Bassford, Sneha Basude, David Baxter, Jolanta Bernatoniene, John C. Berridge, Nicola Best, Debby Bogaert, Laura Booth, Pieter Bothma, Benjamin Brennan, Robin Brittain-Long, Katie Bullock, Naomi Bulteel, Tom Burden, Andrew Burtenshaw, Nicola Carlucci, Gail Carson, Vikki Caruth, Emily Cass, Benjamin WA Catterall, David Chadwick, Duncan Chambler, Meera Chand, Kanta Chechi, Nigel Chee, Jenny Child, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Richard Clark, Tom Clark, Jordan J. Clark, Emily A Clarke, Sara Clohisey, Sarah Cole, Paul Collini, Marie Connor, G Cooke, Louise Cooper, Catherine Cosgrove, Audrey Coutts, Helen Cox, Jason Cupitt, Maria-Teresa Cutino-Moguel, Ana da Silva Filipe, Jo Ann Dalton, Christopher Davis, Chris Dawson, Samir Dervisevic, Oslem Dincarslan, Alejandra Doce Carracedo, Cara Donegan, Lorna Donelly, Phil Donnison, Chloe Donohue, Gonçalo dos Santos Correia, Sam Douthwaite, Thomas M Drake, Andrew Drummond, Marc‐Emmanuel Dumas, Chris Dunn, Jake Dunning, Ingrid DuRand, Tristan Dyer, Philip Dyer, Angela Elliott, Cariad Evans, Anthony Evans, Chi Eziefula, Cameron J. Fairfield, Angie Fawkes, Chrisopher Fegan, Lorna Finch, Adam Finn, Lewis WS Fisher, Lisa Flaherty, Tom Fletcher, Terry Foster, Duncan Fullerton, Carrol Gamble, Isabel García-Dorival, Atul Garg, Sanjeev Garg, Tammy Gilchrist, Michelle Girvan, Effrossyni Gkrania‐Klotsas, Jo Godden, Arthur Goldsmith, Clive Graham, Tassos Grammatikopoulos, Christopher Green, Julian L. Griffin, Fiona Griffiths, Philip Gunning, Rishi K Gupta, Katarzyna Hafezi, Sophie Halpin, Catherine Hartley, Stuart Hartshorn, Daniel Harvey, Peter Havalda, Daniel B. Hawcutt, Ross Hendry, Maria Hobrok, Luke Hodgson, Karl Holden, Anthony Holmes, Peter Horby, Joanne Howard, Samreen Ijaz, Clare Jackson, Michael Jacobs, Susan Jain, Paul Jennings, Rebecca L. Jensen, Christopher B. Jones, Trevor R. Jones, Agilan Kaliappan, Vidya Kasipandian, Seán Keating, Stephen Kegg, Michael Kelsey, Jason Kendall, Caroline Kerrison, Ian Kerslake, Shadia Khandaker, Say Khoo, Katharine King, Robyn T. Kiy, Stephen R Knight, Susan Knight, Oliver Koch, Gouri Koduri, George Koshy, Chrysa Koukorava, Shondipon Laha, Eva Lahnsteiner, Steven Laird, Annette Lake, Suzannah Lant, Susan Larkin, Diane Latawiec, Andrew Law, James Lee, Gary Leeming, Daniella Lefteri, Tamás Leiner, Lauren Lett, Matthew R. Lewis, Sonia Liggi, Patrick Lillie, Wei Shen Lim, James Limb, Vanessa Linnett, Jeff Little, Lucia A Livoti, Mark D Lyttle, Louise MacGillivray, Alan Maclean, Michael MacMahon, Emily MacNaughton, Maria Vittoria Mancini, Ravish Mankregod, Laura Marsh, Lynn Maslen, Hannah Massey, Huw Masson, Nicole Maziere, Sarah McCafferty, Katherine McCullough, Sarah E. McDonald, Laurence McEvoy, Ruth McEwen, John McLauchlan, Kenneth A McLean, Manjula Meda, Alexander J. Mentzer, Laura Merson, Soeren Metelmann, Alison Meynert, Nahida S Miah, Joanna Middleton, Gary Mills, Jane Minton, Joyce Mitchell, Kavya Mohandas, Quen Mok, James Moon, Patrick Morgan, Kirstie Morrice, Craig F. Morris, Katherine Mortimore, Samuel Moses, Mbiye Mpenge, Rohinton Mulla, Derek Murphy, Lee Murphy, Michael Murphy, E. Gordon Murphy, Thapas Nagarajan, Megan Nagel, Mark Nelson, Lisa Norman, Lillian Norris, Lucy Norris, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Michael Olanipekun, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Anthonia Osagie, Matthew K. O’Shea, Igor Otahal, Mark Pais, Massimo Palmarini, Carlo Palmieri, Selva Panchatsharam, Danai Papakonstantinou, Hassan Paraiso, Natalie Pattison, William A. Paxton, Rebekah Penrice-Randal, Justin Pepperell, Mark Peters, Mandeep Phull, Jack Pilgrim, Stefania Pintus, Tim Planche, Daniel Plotkin, Georgios Pollakis, Frank A. Post, Nicholas Price, David Price, Tessa Prince, Rachel Prout, Nikolas Rae, Andrew Rambaut, Henrik Reschreiter, Tim Reynolds, Neil Richardson, Paul Ridley, Mark Roberts, Stephanie Roberts, Devender Roberts, David L. Robertson, Alistair Rose, Guy Rousseau, Bobby Ruge, Clark D Russell, Brendan Ryan, Debby Sales, Taranprit Saluja, Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu, Caroline Sands, Egle Saviciute, Matthias Schmid, James Scott-Brown, Aarti Shah, Prad Shanmuga, Anil Kumar Sharma, Catherine A. Shaw, Anna Shawcross, Rebecca K. Shears, Jagtur Singh Pooni, Jeremy Sizer, Benjamin Small, Richard Smith, Catherine Snelson, Tom Solomon, Rebecca G. Spencer, Nick Spittle, Shiranee Sriskandan, Nikki Staines, Tom Stambach, Richard Stewart, David I. Stuart, Krishanthi Subramaniam, Pradeep Subudhi, Olivia Swann, Tamás Szakmány, Agnieska Szemiel, Aislynn Taggart, Sarah Tait, Zoltán Takáts, Panteleimon G. Takis, Jolanta Tanianis-Hughes, Kate Tatham, Richard S. Tedder, J. Regan Thomas, Jordan Thomas, Robert Thompson, Chris Thompson, Emma C. Thomson, Ascanio Tridente, Erwan Trochu, Darell Tupper-Carey, Mary Twagira, Nick Vallotton, Libby van Tonder, Rama Vancheeswaran, Rachel Vincent, Lisa Vincent-Smith, Shico Visuvanathan, Alan Vuylsteke, Sam Waddy, Rachel Wake, Andrew Walden, Ingeborg Welters, Murray Wham, Tony Whitehouse, Paul Whittaker, Ashley Whittington, Meme Wijesinghe, Eve Wilcock, Lawrence Wilson, Stephen Winchester, Martin Wiselka, Adam Wolverson, Andrew Workman, Nicola Wrobel, Bryan Yates, P. A. Young, Maria Zambon, Jinyan Zhang
Bibliographic record
VenueNature Immunology · 2024
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicLong-Term Effects of COVID-19
Canadian institutionsMcGill University and Génome Québec Innovation CentreSt. Thomas Hospital
FundersEuropean and Developing Countries Clinical Trials PartnershipNIHR Leicester Biomedical Research CentreNIHR Imperial Biomedical Research CentreManchester Biomedical Research CentreNational Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research UnitUniversity of WarwickUniversity of OxfordBlood Cancer UKGrifolsVersus ArthritisPublic Health EnglandRosetrees TrustImperial College LondonWellcome TrustAsthma and Lung UKDiabetes UKCystic Fibrosis TrustKidney Research UKMedical Research CouncilDepartment of Health and Social CareInsmedNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchDepartment for International DevelopmentAstraZenecaUK Research and InnovationStrongBritish Heart FoundationBritish HIV AssociationGilead Sciences
KeywordsCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)DiseaseCoronavirusSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)2019-20 coronavirus outbreakMedicinePhenotypePandemicImmunologyVirologyBiologyInfectious disease (medical specialty)OutbreakPathologyGeneticsGene
Abstract
. Here we profiled 368 plasma proteins in 657 participants ≥3 months following hospitalization. Of these, 426 had at least one long COVID symptom and 233 had fully recovered. Elevated markers of myeloid inflammation and complement activation were associated with long COVID. IL-1R2, MATN2 and COLEC12 were associated with cardiorespiratory symptoms, fatigue and anxiety/depression; MATN2, CSF3 and C1QA were elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms and C1QA was elevated in cognitive impairment. Additional markers of alterations in nerve tissue repair (SPON-1 and NFASC) were elevated in those with cognitive impairment and SCG3, suggestive of brain-gut axis disturbance, was elevated in gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was persistently elevated in some individuals with long COVID, but virus was not detected in sputum. Analysis of inflammatory markers in nasal fluids showed no association with symptoms. Our study aimed to understand inflammatory processes that underlie long COVID and was not designed for biomarker discovery. Our findings suggest that specific inflammatory pathways related to tissue damage are implicated in subtypes of long COVID, which might be targeted in future therapeutic trials.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.139
Threshold uncertainty score0.530
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.003
GPT teacher head0.253
Teacher spread0.250 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations91
Published2024
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes