Clinical, genotypic and olfactory characteristics of patients with 11C ⁃ PIB ⁃ positive cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background To summarize the clinical, genotype and olfactory characteristic in patients with 11 C⁃Pittsburgh compound B (11C⁃PIB)⁃positive cognitive impairment. Methods Twenty⁃seven patients with 11C ⁃ PIB ⁃ positive cognitive impairment, including 19 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 8 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), were recruited from January 2015 to February 2016 in Tianjin Huanhu Hospital. The clinical, genotype and olfactory profiles were retrospectively analyzed. Mini ⁃ Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL), and Hamilton Depression Scale ⁃ 21 (HAMD ⁃ 21) were used to evaluate cognitive function, behavioral and psychological symptoms, activities of daily living, and symptoms of depression, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction ⁃ restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR ⁃ RFLP) was used to determine ApoE genotype, and T ＆ T olfactometer was used to test threshold of detection and recognition. Results Compared with MCI patients, AD patients had lower MMSE score (P = 0.000), orientation to time (P = 0.031), short ⁃ term memory (P = 0.021), recall (P = 0.009), calculation (p = 0.000), repetition (P = 0.038), reading (P = 0.021), writing (P = 0.002), visual ⁃ spatial ability (P = 0.039), MoCA score (P = 0.000) and CDT score (P = 0.020), and higher ADL score (P = 0.000). But there was no significant difference in orientation to place, naming, comprehension, NPI score and HAMD⁃21 score between 2 groups (P > 0.05, for all). There were no statistical differences in incidence of olfactory dysfunction, threshold of detection and recognition between 2 groups (P > 0.05, for all). There were statistical differences in the incidence of olfactory disorders among different ApoE genotypes Fisher's exact probability : P = 0.000). To further evaluate the effect of ApoE ε 4 allele on the olfactory function, subjects were additionally dichotomized according to the presence or absence of at least one ApoEε4 allele. Comparing with the subjects without ApoE ε 4 allele, the olfactory function decreased significantly in those with ApoE ε 4 allele (0/11 vs. 12/13; Fisher's exact probability : P = 0.000). Conclusions The patients with 11 C⁃PIB ⁃ positive cognitive impairment (AD and MCI) had significant olfactory isturbance, which was related to ApoE ε 4 allele. The assessment of clinical, genotype and olfactory characteristic was helpful in early diagnosis of AD patients. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.05.013
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".