The Double Function of Turkey’s Public Banks and Reinterpretation of Mandates during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Turkey’s public banks performed a double function during the Covid-19 pandemic, repeating but also extending the scope of their actions in the 2010s. These institutions provided temporary financial relief to low-income households, while simultaneously extending extraordinary support to capital groups organically linked to ruling circles. During this period, the public bank mandates were not legally revised but recurrently reinterpreted by state managers, postponing the financial troubles of some social groups and disproportionately benefiting corporations. Such public bank actions raise questions concerning a public purpose approach to public financial capacity during economic crises and emergencies. The double function of Turkish public banks in recent years indicates that short-term financial support to low-income groups worked almost as a countervailing intervention, yet producing contradictory results amid the lack of democratic oversight and strategies for the self-empowerment of disadvantaged groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".