LOCOMOTION TRACES EMPLACED BY MODERN STALKLESS COMATULID CRINOIDS (FEATHERSTARS)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Modern crinoids have the ability to use their arms to crawl along the sea floor and some are capable of swimming short distances. The first and only evidence of crinoid locomotion reported from the rock record was described from the Middle Jurassic of the Cabeço da Ladeira Lagerstätte (Portugal) resulting in description of the ichnotaxon Krinodromos bentou. Although the mechanics of crinoid movement are well documented the morphological ranges of crinoid motility tracks are unknown. This study uses observations of crinoid movement and their effects on sediment using modern comatulid crinoids to propose possible trace fossil morphologies. Using 20 experimental trials supported by photography, video analyses, 3D orthogrammetry and resin casting, the morphological ranges of crinoid motility tracks are included in five distinct morphologies attributed to ambling, crawling, walking, running, and landing/taking-off traces, the latter of which are emplaced before and after swimming. Traces produced by ambling occur as epigenic hook-shaped grooves. Crawling traces comprise closely spaced hook-shaped grooves and ridges preserved in concave and convex epirelief. Walking traces consist of semi-bilaterally symmetrical collections of three or more grooves, and associated ridges, preserved in convex and concave epirelief. Running traces consist of semi-bilaterally symmetrical collections of one to three straight to semi-sinusoidal grooves and associated ridges preserved in concave and convex epirelief. Landing/taking-off traces are mounded features preserved in convex epirelief, with grooves radiating from the center. The five trace types described in this paper provide insight into morphological features that can be associated with modern crinoid activities and used to identify crinoid trace fossils, which are rarely reported, in the rock record.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".