Relative Effectiveness of the MF59®‐Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine Versus High‐Dose and Non‐Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Cardiorespiratory Hospitalizations During the 2019–2020 US Influenza Season
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Adults ≥ 65 years of age have suboptimal influenza vaccination responses compared to younger adults due to age‐related immunosenescence. Two vaccines were specifically developed to enhance protection: MF59‐adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aIIV3) and high‐dose egg‐based trivalent influenza vaccine (HD‐IIV3e). Methods In a retrospective cohort study conducted using US electronic medical records linked to claims data during the 2019–2020 influenza season, we compared the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of aIIV3 with HD‐IIV3e and a standard‐dose non‐adjuvanted egg‐based quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4e) for the prevention of cardiorespiratory hospitalizations, including influenza hospitalizations. We evaluated outcomes in the “any” diagnosis position and the “admitting” position on the claim. A doubly robust methodology using inverse probability of treatment weighting and logistic regression was used to adjust for covariate imbalance. rVE was calculated as 100 * (1 − OR adjusted ). Results The study included 4,299,594 adults ≥ 65 years of age who received aIIV3, HD‐IIV3e, or IIV4e. Overall, aIIV3 was associated with lower proportions of cardiorespiratory hospitalizations with diagnoses in any position compared to HD‐IIV3e (rVE = 3.9% [95% CI, 2.7–5.0]) or IIV4e (9.0% [95% CI, 7.7–10.4]). Specifically, aIIV3 was more effective compared with HD‐IIV3e and IIV4e in preventing influenza hospitalizations (HD‐IIV3e: 9.7% [95% CI, 1.9–17.0]; IIV4e: 25.3% [95% CI, 17.7–32.2]). Consistent trends were observed for admitting diagnoses. Conclusion Relative to both HD‐IIV3e and IIV4e, aIIV3 provided improved protection from cardiorespiratory or influenza hospitalizations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".