Pit-lake remediation by chemically activated Chlorocardium rodiei: Simultaneous metal ion removal from acidic waters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current study investigates the valorization of waste wood from a tropical hardwood found in Guyana (Greenheart – Chlorocardium rodiei ) to high surface area activated carbons (AC). We subsequently deployed these adsorbents to sequester Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Al 3+ from the acidic waters of a recreational bauxite pit-lake. We studied the impact of activation parameters such as temperature, impregnation ratio and acid concentration on the texture and surface chemistry of ACs and demonstrate that optimized low pH at point-of-zero charge (pH pzc ) ACs are efficient adsorbents for the target ions. A mesoporous AC with specific surface area of 2208 m 2 /g, 11 % surface oxygen and pH pzc of 1.98 was produced under optimized conditions. ACs removed 93–100 % of target ions from pit-lake waters at a native pH of 3.1. Al 3+ exerted an antagonistic effect on Mn 2+ adsorption in synthetic binary ion systems reducing adsorption by as much as 56 %. The Sips Model fitted the adsorption data best predicting maximum adsorption capacities for Mn 2+ , Fe 3+ and Al 3+ of 17.8 mg/g, 23.7 mg/g, and 6.12 mg/g for these low pH pzc optimized materials. These materials show great promise in removing heavy metals from acidic waters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".