A 3D pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling study of altered cerebral blood flow correlation networks in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective To investigate the abnormalities of the three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (3D PCASL) based cerebral blood flow (CBF) correlation networks in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods 3D PCASL images of 53 cognitive normal (CN) subjects, 43 subjects with MCI, and 30 subjects with AD were acquired from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Whole-brain CBF maps were calculated using PCASL and proton density-weighted images (PDWI). The 246 regional CBF values, including the cortex and subcortex, were obtained after registering the Brainnetome Atlas to the individual CBF maps. The Pearson correlation coefficient between every two regions across subjects was calculated to construct the CBF correlation network. Then the topologies of CBF networks with regard to global properties (global network efficiency, clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and small-world properties), hub regions, nodal properties (betweenness centrality, BC), and connections were compared among CN, MCI, and AD. Significant changes in the global and nodal properties were observed in the permutation tests, and connections with significant differences survived after the z-statistic and false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Results The CBF correlation networks of CN, MCI, and AD all showed small-world properties. Compared with CN, global efficiency decreased significantly in AD. Significant differences in nodal properties and a loss of hub regions are noted in the middle temporal lobe in both MCI and AD. In the frontal lobe, BC is reduced in MCI while it is increased in the occipital lobe in AD. The identified altered hub regions with significant differences in MCI and AD were mainly distributed in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. In addition, disrupted hub regions in AD with significantly decreased connections were mainly found in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and hippocampus-cortical cortex. Conclusions Noninvasive 3D PCASL-based CBF correlation networks are capable of showing changes in topological organization in subjects with MCI and AD, and the observed disruption in the topological organization may underlie cognitive decline in MCI and AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".