Conserved cold tolerance of <i>Rhagoletis</i> species from different host fruits and elevations in Colorado, <scp>USA</scp>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Understanding and characterizing how insects tolerate low temperatures is important for predicting their overwintering survival and subsequent geographic spread. This study characterized the cold tolerance of two members of the Rhagoletis genus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Colorado, USA. Pupae were collected from the infested fruits in late summer and early fall. For the first time, we show that the rosehip fly Rhagoletis basiola Osten Sacken is freeze‐avoidant; overwintering pupae could supercool to temperatures as low as −26°C and survive. Interestingly, the temperature at which ice forms (supercooling point; SCP) did not vary between R. basiola at high (c. 2900 m above sea level [m a.s.l.]) and lower (c. 1650 m a.s.l.) elevations. We also report the apple maggot R. pomonella Walsh infesting an unusual host fruit, the Dolgo crabapple, in close proximity to infested hawthorn trees. R. pomonella infesting hawthorn fruits and crabapples had similar SCPs and survived temperatures as low as −21°C. Pupae from both host fruits also survived prolonged exposure (2 weeks or more) to mild low temperatures (0 to −5°C). Further study into the mechanisms underlying the impressive and conserved cold tolerance of R. pomonella and R. basiola is an interesting avenue for future research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".