Integrated approach to sustainable utilization of phosphate waste rock in road embankments: Experimental insights, stability analysis, and preliminary economic evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper highlights an issue that has not received much attention which is the use of phosphate waste rock (PWR) in road embankments. This study focuses on the valorization of marly clay and marly limestone lithologies, which are abundant but often unused or undervalued, being simply deposited around mine sites. Investigating the potential use of these materials in road embankments requires a combination of experimentation, stability analysis, and economic evaluation. The materials were collected from mining trenches in the Benguerir mine (Morocco). The samples were subjected to i) chemical and mineralogical characterization; ii) environmental characterization; and iii) geotechnical characterization. The results of the characterization show that the samples are chemically dominated by CaO (12–33 wt%), SiO2 (23–38 wt%), and MgO (7 – 9 wt%); mineralogically, the main phases are quartz, calcite, dolomite, apatite, and clay minerals. The environmental characterization classified the studied materials as non-hazardous waste. In terms of geotechnical characterization, the marly limestone and marly clay belong to the A3 and R33 categories, which means that they can be successfully used as a sustainable alternative material for the embankment. This finding supports their safe utilization. The stability analysis reveals that embankments up to 10 m in height can be constructed with marly clay without significant physical instability risks. Satisfactory safety factors (SF) were found (SF=1.97 for H=5 m and SF=1.54 for H=10 m). For marly limestone, the height limit is less than 10 m (SF=1.74 for H=5 m and SF=1.33 for H=10 m), but it can be increased to 10 m by adding a bench of rock fill with a safety factor of 1.64. Finally, an economic evaluation demonstrates that PWR can be used as embankment materials within a radius of 28 km around the mine site. It appears to be a cost-effective alternative compared to conventional materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".