Tobacco and alcohol co-use among people with HIV (PWH) in Nairobi, Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction. Although the majority of PWH in the world reside in sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the syndemic of tobacco and alcohol use in that region. The purpose of this study was to describe tobacco and alcohol co-use behaviors among PWH in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods. Between June–November 2021, 50 PWH with concurrent tobacco and alcohol use in Nairobi, Kenya were cross-sectionally assessed with a structured interview. Women were intentionally oversampled in order to constitute 50% of the participant group. Participants completed structured interviews by trained research assistants using standardized, culturally appropriate, tobacco use and alcohol use questionnaires. Results. Fifty PWH completed the study. All participants identified as African with a mean age of 40.3 years. Half of the sample were men, half were women, and all participants were engaged in HIV care and were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Mean cigarettes smoked per day was 8.2, and 57% percent reported moderate/high cigarette dependence. The mean alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) score was 18.6, and 84% reported drinking amounts in the hazardous range. Preferred alcoholic beverages were clear spirits (48%), beer (32%), and changaa (12%), a traditional home-brewed liquor made from millet, corn, or sorghum. Younger age, higher depression score, and higher anxiety score were significantly associated with higher AUDIT scores. Conclusions. Tobacco and alcohol co-use in PWH in Nairobi, Kenya is common. This syndemic may require culturally appropriate and tailored treatment approaches, especially those targeting younger health strata and those with comorbid mental illness, to improve health outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".