From algae to apples: The structural and functional conservation of NLRs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant species have been warding off microbial infections throughout their evolutionary history, which has led to the development of innate immune systems tailored to sensing and responding to pathogens.In plants, the intracellular immune response is spearheaded by Nucleotide-Binding Leucine-Rich-Repeat Receptors, or NLRs, which often detect "effector" virulence proteins used by pathogens to evade or subvert host defenses.Upon activation, NLRs induce a suite of defense responses, including accumulation of defense hormones, induction of immune-related genes, and activation of programmed cell death (Adachi et al. 2019).A key to the function of NLRs is oligomerization driven by the nucleotide-binding domain upon binding of ATP.Such oligomers are referred to as "resistosomes", but the function of resistosomes differs between subclasses of NLRs and is determined by their N-terminal domains and subcellular localization.The oldest group of NLRs in terms of evolution contain an N-terminal coiled-coil (CC) domain, some of which have been shown to form calcium channels upon oligomerization.(Hu and Chai 2023).While the field of NLR biology in plants has received an enormous amount of attention in the last five years, this attention has been focused almost entirely on angiosperms (or flowering plants).In this issue, Khong-Sam Chia and colleagues (Chia et al. 2024) expand our understanding of NLR biology in non-flowering plant lineages, identifying immunity-related mechanisms that have likely been in place for hundreds of millions of years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".