A novel constitutive law of confined grouted rock bolt under pull-out load based on a fully nonlinear bond–slip model
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rock bolts are widely applied in deep underground excavations for rock reinforcement. Here, a constitutive model that quantifies the pull-out load–displacement relationship of the grouted rock bolt has been developed though theoretically analyzing the load transfer behaviour along the bolt–grout interface. An improved nonlinear continuously yielding criteria was employed as a bond–slip model where the role of confining pressure playing in slip was accounted. The performance of the proposed constitutive model was demonstrated by comparing with three sets of laboratory pull-out tests on the fully grouted rock bolts under different confining pressure levels (including a short-encapsulated pull-out test designed in our laboratory). The input parameters in the model were determinable within the laboratory environment. The analytical simulation results of pull-out load–displacement performance, the axial stress in the rock bolt and shear stress along the bolt–grout interface agreed well with the laboratory data. We also found that the confining pressure significantly affects the critical embedment length, and the higher the confining pressure, the shorter the critical embedment length. The findings enrich the understanding on the mechanical properties of grouted rock bolts and hence aid the rock engineers in rock reinforcement design in underground excavations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it