Extreme hydrometeorological events induce abrupt and widespread freshwater temperature changes across the Pacific Northwest of North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Pacific Northwest of North America experienced four extreme hydrometeorological events during 2021 including intense cold waves in mid-February and late December, the record-setting June heat dome, and catastrophic floods caused by two November atmospheric rivers. While the synoptic-scale patterns and terrestrial hydrological responses to these extreme events are well documented, scant information has been published on corresponding freshwater temperature responses. Here, we apply an observational database of hourly freshwater temperatures at 554 sites across the region to characterize their evolution during these four extreme hydrometeorological events. The two cold snaps and summer heat dome induced a general 1 °C decline and 2.7 °C increase, respectively, in water temperatures with subdued changes (+0.4 °C) during the mid-November floods. For 193 sites with long-term records, 478 daily maximum water temperatures were exceeded during the heat dome and 94 were surpassed during the flooding event, suggesting deleterious effects for water quality and aquatic species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".