ACCIDENTAL PLURALISM: AMERICA AND THE RELIGIOUS POLITICS OF ENGLISH EXPANSION, 1597–1662. By EvanHaefeli. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2021. Pp. IV + 383. Cloth, $45.00.
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is a common thought that religious pluralism in the USA was intentionally emphasized by the settlers from the landing of the Mayflower in Plymouth Rock in 1607 to after the founding of the nation. Yet, even Haefeli argues “that religious freedom was not originally part of the plan for America. Instead, colonies were granted with the express purpose of extending the religious establishment of England oversees, not the least by converting the Indigenous peoples who came under their authority.” Through extensive research on the founding of multiple English colonies, Haefeli makes a convincing argument that religious pluralism was, in fact, accidental and the product of the utility of colonialism economics mixed with rising religious pluralism throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in England. Haefeli opens discussing the symmetry of colonization, empire building, and religious expansion, noting that the English colonies never sought to Christianize slaves or create religious pluralism. He posits that they sought to extend the British Empire, with the Church of England playing an important role through religious conformity. Noting often ignored contexts, such as Guiana, Bermuda, and Newfoundland, Haefli shows that uniformity was the intended goal, but due to the tumultuous landscape of religious conformity and movement toward pluralism in England, uniformity in the colonies did not materialize. Add the financial motivations of settling companies, such as the Virginia Company, who were willing to take marginalized religious groups to create a quorum for settlements, uniformity slowly transformed to plurality due to each specific colony adapting to the religious landscape of their context. Haefeli informs future scholarship on religious plurality in the USA, adding insight into the political landscape in England that informs further research on the religious landscape in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This work is commended to scholars and historians of these intersecting aspects of English society and its empire building.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it