GENDER PARITY POLICY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE SYSTEM IN NORTH AMERICA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of gender parity policy in the public service system in North America. Particular attention is paid to the United States of America and Canada. The article characterizes and describes the historical development of gender policy in these countries. Dependencies, patterns and determinants that may affect the state of gender parity in a particular region are analyzed. The author analyzes the laws and other regulations of the national legislation of North American countries that regulate issues related to gender parity, non-discrimination and access to public service. The author examined the gender ratio of public administration representatives in various positions in North America. The author analyzes the institutional system of North American countries and identifies the bodies and officials authorized to implement, monitor and supervise compliance with gender policy. The positions of the representatives of the United States and Canada on the introduction and application of gender quotas for access to leadership positions are analyzed and summarized. The sources of the state gender policy formation in the United States of America were analyzed and highlighted. Particular attention is paid to non-governmental organizations as an important factor that has a significant impact on public policy in this area. Based on the study, it was found that the number of women in parliaments does not necessarily demonstrate a high level of gender parity in this region. It was also found that the application of gender quotas in access to public service does not necessarily have the desired and envisaged by the state policy consequences. The author describes different approaches to gender policy, analyzes successes and challenges in this area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".