Potential For Dietary Calcium to Prevent Fluoride Uptake in Children in Halaba Special District, Southern Ethiopia: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Mothers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluorosis is a public health problem in Ethiopia.Fluoride (F) absorption can be decreased by dietary calcium (Ca) which forms insoluble complexes with the fluoride ion F-.The aim of this study was to assess maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) towards calcium in an area with high water F (9.7± 0.27mg/L) in Halaba, Southern Ethiopia.A cross-sectional study was conducted in 254 child-mother pairs randomly chosen from two kebeles of the district, and a questionnaire was used to obtain KAP.Teff, maize, millet were the major cereals in the study area and milk followed from the animal source food.The majority (96.5%) of respondents had never heard about fluoride.More than two-thirds reported that they did not know about the causes of teeth decay and skeletal fluorosis, and just 2% were aware that calcium could mitigate fluorosis symptoms.As a follow-up, nutrition education was provided that included sources of calcium stressing locally available foods.This study suggests that future research should focus on behavior communication for enhancing the community's knowledge, attitude, and practices towards fluorosis including improving calcium intake.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".