Utilizing Synchrotron-Based X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography to Visualize the Microscopic Structure of Starch Hydrogels <i>In Situ</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to visualize the microstructures of starch hydrogels using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). Waxy maize starch (WMS, 3.3% amylose, db), pea starch (PS, 40.3% amylose), and high-amylose maize starch (HMS, 63.6% amylose) were cooked at 95 and 140 °C to prepare starch hydrogels. WMS and HMS failed to form a gel after 95 °C cooking and storage, while PS developed a firm gel. At 140 °C cooking, HMS of a high amylose nature was fully gelatinized and generated a rigid gel with the highest strength. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and μCT revealed the unique structural features of various starch hydrogels/pastes prepared at different temperatures, which were greatly affected by the degree of swelling and dispersity of the starches. As a nondestructive method, μCT showed certain advantages over SEM, including minimal shrinkage of the hydrogels, relatively simple sample preparation, and allowing for three-dimensional reconstruction of the hydrogel microstructure. This study indicated that synchrotron-based μCT could be a useful technique in visualizing biopolymer-based hydrogels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".