Carotid intima media thickness in multiple sclerosis: A CLSA study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke, compared to people without MS even after accounting for risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking. We compared carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), a surrogate of atherosclerosis, in people with MS and in two groups of people without MS (rheumatoid arthritis [RA]; all other participants). METHODS: We used data from participants in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) who did not have known vascular disease (ischemic heart disease, stroke, transient ischemic attack, peripheral vascular disease) and who underwent carotid ultrasound for assessment of CIMT. We selected participants with MS, RA and controls who did not have MS or RA. Using age and gender-stratified norms for average CIMT in the CLSA, we identified participants in each cohort with a CIMT ≥75th percentile (subclinical atherosclerosis). We also calculated ten-year level of cardiovascular risk using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). We tested the association between cohort membership (MS, RA, controls) and atherosclerosis using logistic regression, adjusted for FRS, abdominal obesity, excess alcohol intake, education and elevated symptoms of depression. We adjusted all analyses for the stratified sampling design. RESULTS: We included 78 participants with MS, 364 participants with RA and 13,891 controls. Overall, the average (SE) CIMT was 0.699 (0.002), and this did not differ between cohorts. Logistic regression analyses revealed that cohort membership was not associated with atherosclerosis based on the average CIMT in unadjusted or adjusted models. However, a 1-point higher FRS was associated with 1.032 (95 %CI: 1.021, 1.043) increased odds of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: Average CIMT does not differ between people with MS, people with RA and people without these diseases. Subclinical atherosclerosis as defined by a CIMT ≥75 % is not observed in people with MS at an increased rate beyond what FRS would predict. Further evaluation is needed to determine what mechanisms underlie the increased rates of cardiovascular disease and stroke in MS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".