Post-Fledging Parental Care in Tree-Nesting Double-Crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Post-fledging parental care occurs in a wide range of colonial waterbird species but data on the behavior are limited. The behavior is hypothesized to contribute towards offspring survivorship, but opportunities for post-fledging parental care are constrained for migratory species. Two datasets were used to examine the behavior in a Great Lakes tree-nesting Double-crested Cormorant (Nannopterum auritum) colony: annual monitoring of nest success, and focal observations of successful nests. For eight nesting seasons (2012–2019) a total of 631 sample nests were tracked for nest success, fledge date, number of chicks fledged, and post-fledging adult attendance at the nest site. During the post-fledging period, 52.2% of successful nests (n = 425) had adult attendance. Fledge date was a predictor of post-fledging adult attendance (earlier nests more likely to have the behavior) but not number of chicks fledged or year of observation. Post-fledging adult attendance was estimated to average 15.9 days in length. Focal observations confirmed that fledglings visited a nest and were fed if a parent was present (10/11 times). These findings confirmed post-fledging parental care in tree-nesting Double-crested Cormorants, but late nesting birds have reduced opportunity to provision after fledging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".