Predation on an adult Gray Treefrog, <i>Hyla versicolor</i> (Hylidae) (LeConte 1825), by a predaceous diving beetle (<i>Cybister</i> sp. or <i>Dytiscus </i>sp.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
P redation of post-metamorphic anurans by arthropods iswell documented in a variety of tropical and temperate taxa (Wells 2007).Arthropod predators of both larval and post-metamorphic frogs include spiders (Arachnida) (Nyffeler and Altig 2020), giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) (de Sousa Guedes et al. 2021), flies (Diptera) (Dehling 2010), dragonfly larvae (Odonata) (Maciel et al. 2010), army ants (Labidus sp.; Campos Gomides et al. 2011), Praying Mantis (Stagmatoptera binotata) (Costa-Campos and Cleiton Sousa 2014), and both terrestrial and aquatic beetles (Epomis sp., Dystictus sp.) (Seshardi et al. 2017;Wizen et al. 2017).These predators employ a variety of weaponry, including chemicals and venom and physical structures like stingers, sucking apparatuses, pinchers, and large mandibles, to subdue and consume anuran prey.The Gray Treefrog (Dryophytes versicolor) (Fig. 1) is a robust medium-sized North American hylid with noxious unpalatable skin secretions (Dodd 2023;Cannizzaro and Höbel 2023).Dryophytes versicolor has highly variable dorsal coloration, the ability to change color, and a yellow-spotted thigh pattern (Kapfer and Brown 2022).The geographic distribution of D. versicolor is vaguely Y-shaped, extending from eastern Texas to southern Manitoba in the northwest and to Maine in the northeast (Kapfer and Brown 2022).An arboreal generalist, D. versicolor inhabits a variety of forested habitats including deciduous forests, urban parks, pine stands, and tree farms (Wright and Wright 1949), where it can occupy very high microhabitats (to 18 m) (Laughlin et al. 2017).An obligate woodland pond-breeder, hundreds of D. versicolor occupy pools during the summer breeding season (Dodd 2023).A variety of predators known to prey on larval D. versicolor, which are fully palatable and not chemically defended ( Dodd 2023), include larval Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum), Comet Darner (dragonfly) larvae (Anax longipes), and spiders (Pisauridae) (Groves and Groves 1978; Relyea 2003; Dodd 2023).Dodd (2023) and others have postulated that a variety of predators that will consume post-metamorphic D. versicolor include snakes (Nerodia spp., Thamnophis proximus), birds, spiders (Argiope spp.), and mesocarnivores (Taxidea taxus, Procyon lotor) (Azevedo et al. 2006; Dodd 2023), but verified reports of known predators of adult D. versicolor are rare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".