Experimental comparison of foam flow and gas flow in municipal solid waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Foam is found to be a special fluid (i.e., gas divided by liquid film) that exists in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. As a disconnected phase, the unsaturated flow behavior of foam is significantly different from that of gas in connected phase. In this study, the difference between foam flow and gas flow was characterized through displacement tests in the MSW columns. Resistance factor, which is defined as the ratio of steady pressure drop between foam displacement and gas displacement, is employed to characterize this difference. The effects of foam quality, void ratio, and particle size on resistance factor were studied. The unsaturated permeability curves of foams generated by leachate samples at different depths were measured. The leachate at the middle layer has low surface tension to produce strong foam, while the leachate at the top and bottom layers has high surface tension to produce weak foam. The unsaturated permeabilities of weak foam and strong foam were about 1 and 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of gas, respectively. The reduction in waste void ratio decreased the resistance factor as the excessive shearing effect in small pores would cause the foam to collapse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".