Impact of Secondary Organic Aerosol on the Respiratory Viral Infection <i>in Vitro</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inhalation of viable airborne pathogens often leads to respiratory infections. Among the different factors that affect the survival of airborne pathogens, specific aerosol composition, such as secondary organic aerosol (SOA), may impact the severity of respiratory infection by stimulating host cell apoptotic responses. Here, we studied the in vitro effects of SOA (biogenic and anthropogenic) on respiratory infection of the human influenza A virus (H1N1). Viral gene copies in the human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and human fetal lung fibroflast cell line (MRC-5) treated with SOA were measured to be significantly different from the control group. A maximum enhancement of 56%, 77%, and 45% in H1N1 replication was observed for BEAS-2B cells exposed to different doses of α-pinene SOA, toluene SOA, and naphthalene SOA, respectively. SOA from various precursors impacted viral replication differently, indicating the importance of emission source and composition. For BEAS-2B cells, anthropogenic SOA (toluene and naphthalene) significantly suppressed viral replication at low doses (1 μg mL –1 and 5 μg mL –1 ) and enhanced viral replication at higher doses. Interplay among the source, composition, oxidative stress, host cell apoptosis, and respiratory viral infection highlights the importance of having air pollution mitigation strategies out of a public health perspective.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".