The impact of postoperative enteral nutrition on duodenal injury outcomes: A post hoc analysis of an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Leak following surgical repair of traumatic duodenal injuries results in prolonged hospitalization and oftentimes nil per os treatment. Parenteral nutrition (PN) has known morbidity; however, duodenal leak patients often have complex injuries and hospital courses resulting in barriers to enteral nutrition (EN). We hypothesized that EN alone would be associated with (1) shorter duration until leak closure and (2) less infectious complications and shorter hospital length of stay compared with PN. METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of a retrospective, multicenter study from 35 level 1 trauma centers, including patients older than 14 years who underwent surgery for duodenal injuries (January 2010 to December 2020) and endured postoperative duodenal leak. The study compared nutrition strategies: EN versus PN versus EN-PN using χ 2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests; if significance was found, pairwise comparison or Dunn's test were performed. RESULTS: There were 113 patients with duodenal leak: 43 EN, 22 PN, and 48 EN-PN. Patients were young (median age, 28 years) males (83.2%) with penetrating injuries (81.4%). There was no difference in injury severity or critical illness among the groups; however, there were more pancreatic injuries among PN groups. Enteral nutrition patients had less days nil per os compared with both PN groups (12 days [interquartile range, 23 days] vs. 40 [54] days vs. 33 [32] days, p = <0.001). Time until leak closure was less in EN patients when comparing the three groups (7 days [interquartile range, 14.5 days] vs. 15 [20.5] days vs. 25.5 [55.8] days, p = 0.008). Enteral nutrition patients had less intra-abdominal abscesses, bacteremia, and days with drains than the PN groups (all p < 0.05). Hospital length of stay was shorter among EN patients versus both PN groups (27 days [24] vs. 44 [62] days vs. 45 [31] days, p = 0.001). When controlling for predictors of leak, regression analysis demonstrated that EN was associated with shorter hospital length of stay ( β = -24.9; 95% confidence interval, -39.0 to -10.7; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Enteral nutrition was associated with a shorter duration until leak closure, less infectious complications, and shorter length of stay. Contrary to some conventional thought, PN was not associated with decreased time until leak closure. We therefore suggest that EN should be the preferred choice of nutrition in patients with duodenal leaks whenever feasible. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".