Urinary Sodium, Potassium, and Kidney Function in West Africans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Dietary intake of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) may impact kidney function and outcomes, but data are conflicting. Our goal was to examine associations of 24hr urine K and Na (as proxies for dietary intake) with kidney function in Africans with CKD and compare our findings to a U.S.-based CKD cohort, the Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRIC) study. Methods: We included participants in the Diet, CKD and ApolipoproteinL1 study (DCA, n=619) ancillary to the Human Hereditary and Health in Africa Kidney Disease study. The exposures were calibrated, log transformed 24hr -UNa, UK and Na/K ratio. Outcomes were calculated eGFR and 24hr-urine protein (Uprotein). We utilized generalized linear regression with a random intercept for clinical center to estimate crude and adjusted beta coefficients and 95% CI. We performed similar analyses in 3,459 participants in CRIC. Results: Median UNa excretion was lower in DCA than in CRIC [134 (104-175) vs. 160 (118-215) mmol/24hr, p <0.001]. Median UK excretion was lower in DCA than in CRIC [36 (28-48) vs 55 (40-74) mmol/24hr (p <0.001)]. Findings on the associations of Una and UK with eGFR and Uprotein were directionally consistent. Higher UK was associated with higher eGFR in DCA and CRIC participants. Higher 24hr-UNa was associated with higher Uprotein excretion but not eGFR in both cohorts. The UNa/UKratio was associated with lower eGFR and higher Uprotein in both cohorts (see figure). Conclusions: Cross-sectional associations with eGFR and proteinuria were similar in West Africans and Americans, with evidence for associations of higher UK with higher eGFR, and higher UNa with higher proteinuria. Funding: NIDDK SupportUNa, UK, EGFR and Proteinuria
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".