Time-course of oral toxicity to contaminated groundwater in male Sprague Dawley rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Assessing toxicity of complex mixtures of contaminants from industrial sites with historic and ongoing contamination remains a challenge for risk assessors. Groundwater from a pesticide packaging site in Canada containing a complex mixture of known and unknown contaminants was examined in male rats to determine the target organ toxicity. This study determined the time-course of toxicity (7, 14, 28, and 60 days) following ad libitum oral exposure to 0.05% v/v contaminated groundwater compared to tap water (control) in male Sprague Dawley rats (n=5 /group/time). Exposure to groundwater resulted in inflammation, indicated by a statistically significant increase in plasma lymphocyte and neutrophil counts on days 7 and 60, respectively, but a reduction in the plasma alpha 2 macroglobulin levels by day 60. Gonadotoxicity was indicated by a reduced Johnsen score (grading spermatogenesis) in all exposed groups at all time points, while seminiferous epithelial height was reduced on days 7, 14, and 28 compared to controls. Plasma testosterone was reduced in exposed groups on days 7 and 28, accompanied by elevated testicular lipid peroxidation at all time points compared to control. In contrast, lipid peroxidation in the lungs from exposed rats was elevated on days 7, 14, and 28. Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine was elevated on day 14 in the exposed group indicating renal impairment. Taken together, these results indicate that testes, kidney, immune and lung are target organs for the contaminated groundwater from this industrial site. The current study highlights the challenge in hazard assessment for complex mixtures and highlights the need for effects-directed analysis and the continued, albeit limited, use of animal models in toxicity testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".