Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Cardiovascular Risk in Males with CKD: Preliminary Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death for people living with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and this risk is higher in males. Reduced Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), a reproductive hormone involved in male fertility, is a common complication of CKD and is associated with increased CV risk in males in the general population. However, the relationship between AMH and CV risk in males living with CKD remains unknown. Our study aims to estimate the association between AMH and arterial stiffness, a validated predictor of CV risk, in males living with CKD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was completed in males living with CKD recruited from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. We collected basic demographic and comorbidity data. Serum AMH levels were measured using a validated immunoassay. Using standardized protocols, we assessed pulse wave velocity (PWV) and aortic augmentation index (AIx) with applanation tonometry to determine arterial stiffness. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) was calculated using systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements which were collected using standardized protocols. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate the association between AMH and each measure of arterial stiffness, as well as MAP. Results: Nine males living with CKD were included (age 42 ± 11 years, estimated glomerular filtration rate 76 ± 25 ml/min/1.73m2). A trend towards a negative association between AMH and AIx was demonstrated (R2 = 0.41, p = 0.06), though no association was observed between AMH and PWV (R2 = 0.05, p = 0.57). Conclusions: AMH levels are not significantly associated with increased arterial stiffness in males living with CKD, though it is likely that our sample is underpowered to detect a significant association. Given the high CV risk of males with CKD, further investigation into this potential CV risk factor is warranted. Funding: Government Support - Non-U.S.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".