Utility of a Novel Point-of-Care Test for Albuminuria in Communities at High Risk for CKD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Albuminuria is a key prognostic marker in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Reliable testing tools for albuminuria and are scarce in many world settings due to limited availability and cost. We tested the utility of novel and low-cost pointof-care test (POCT) for albuminuria to asymptomatic individuals at high risk of CKD in Thailand. Methods: A community-based cohort study of 2,307 adults with hypertension, diabetes, and/or over age 60 in Ban Phaeo District, Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. We measured serum creatinine and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) using a POCT urine albumin strip test (Albii®, K. BioSciences, Bangkok, Thailand) and urine dipstick test for protein, and validated with standard laboratory measures. To confirm the chronicity of abnormalities, participants with albuminuria, regardless of eGFR or patients with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 at the first screening (suspected CKD) received follow-up tests for CKD risk. CKD was defined based on standard criteria. Results: At baseline, 468 participants had reduced eGFR and/or albuminuria. Follow ups were conducted with 260 participants 3 months later, and 140 were confirmed with CKD (Figure 1). Among those diagnosed with CKD, 68 had albuminuria (UACR ≥30mg/g) with normal eGFR, 49 had impaired eGFR without albuminuria, and 22 had both albuminuria and impaired eGFR (Figure 2). The median eGFR was 93.23 [87.82, 98.73] ml/min/m2, and the median UACR was 9.15 [5.09, 20.96] mg/g for all participants. The POCT urine albumin strip showed a sensitivity of 0.86, specificity of 0.98, and accuracy of 0.96 compared to the standard UACR. Conversely, the POCT urine dipstick for protein had poor sensitivity, positive predictive value, and accuracy. The test results and interpretation were mailed to each participant in a sealed envelope. Participants identified with CKD were advised to attend the outpatient kidney clinic at the district hospital for appropriate management to slow CKD progression. Conclusions: The urine albumin strip test is a highly effective tool for conducting point-of-care screening for early CKD among high-risk populations. Given the test’s low cost- and ease of use, it can facilitate the implementation of large-scale and affordable early detection programs for CKD. Funding: Government Support - Non-U.S.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".