Prevalence of Masked Hypertension and Its Association with Target Organ Damage in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: We investigate the prevalence of pediatric masked hypertension (MH) in children with various comorbid conditions and compare the risk of target organ damage in children with MH and normotensive children. Methods: A systematic literature search on nine databases included English publications from 1974-2023. MH was defined based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. LVMI was indexed to subject height and body surface area (g/m2.7). LVH was defined by the 95th percentile pediatric reference range, or a pediatric or adult cutoff. Correlation coefficients were transformed and pooled using a random effects model. Results: Of 8996 screened studies, 12 studies and 2028 children were included. MH prevalence was highest among those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (18%), congenital cardiac conditions (24%), obesity (18%), and solid-organ or stem-cell transplant (24%). LVMI was elevated in the MH group (mean=35.48 g/m2.7) compared to the normotensive group (mean=31.10 g/m2.7), with a mean difference of LVMI was 4.06 g/m2.7 (95% CI:2.78-5.33) (fig). MH children were at 2.37 (95% CI: 1.41, 3.97) increased odds of LVH compared to normotensive children. Conclusions: MH is common among children with congenital cardiac conditions, solid organ or stem-cell transplant, CKD, and obesity, and is associated with increased risk of LVH. These findings emphasize the importance of early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertension in these high-risk children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".