Water Reservoirs in North-Western <i>Hispania</i> Roman Gold Mining: Technology, Chronology and Paleoenvironmental Evolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water reservoirs located on the mining fronts were essential for the operation of Roman gold mining. They served purposes such as the extraction and washing of gold deposits, and the final disposal of waste. The history of a Roman gold mine is intricately linked to its hydraulic network. Therefore, dating the construction, usage, and abandonment layers of water reservoirs enables us to comprehend the evolution of mining operations. In this paper, we present a methodological approach consisting of the opening of archaeological sondages in the water reservoirs to understand their stratigraphy and operating phases, together with sampling to obtain chronological and pollen information. We present the work carried out in four case studies located in various mining areas in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Results indicate that water reservoirs serve as paleoenvironmental archives, facilitating the chronological unravelling of mining operations and the landscape reconstruction from the period immediately preceding the onset of mining operations to their abandonment. Results also have highlighting some of the challenges when interpreting radiocarbon results. We conclude that the archaeological analysis of hydraulic mining infrastructure is an effective methodology for understanding the evolution of mining landscapes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".