Measurement invariance of the Child Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire-Short Form across parental versions, age, gender, clinical status, and time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the Romanian version of the Child Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire- Short Form (Child-PARQ, short form) across parents, age, gender, clinical status, and time. Participants were 1,237 youths (community sample: N = 1,033; clinical sample: N = 204) aged 11–18 years old. The analysis was conducted using R. The factorial structure of the scale was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, and measurement invariance was examined via multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Results confirmed the original four-factor model for both the PARQ-Mother and the PARQ-Father. For the PARQ-Mother, we found measurement invariance across gender and time and partial measurement invariance across age and clinical status. Regarding the PARQ-Father, we confirmed measurement invariance across gender, age, and time and partial measurement invariance across clinical status. Finally, we demonstrated measurement invariance across the PARQ-Mother and the PARQ-Father. Criterion validity was also demonstrated by finding significant associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Overall, the present findings suggest the Child-PARQ (short form) is a valuable tool with acceptable psychometric properties for assessing perceived parental acceptance-rejection in preadolescents and adolescents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".