Effects of Salts on Helical Protoplast-Callose-Fiber Formation and Cell Division in Leaf Protoplast Culture of Arabidopsis thaliana: Ultrastructure of PCF Using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of four salts addition (10-200 mM), NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 were examined on the growth of protoplasts and formation of helical 1.5 mm long, protoplast-callose-fibers (PCF) in Arabidopsis thaliana liquid leaf protoplast cultures. The basal medium was Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 μM benzyladenine, 3% sucrose, and 0.4 M mannitol. The protoplast division was highly stimulated by the addition of 50 mM Ca2+ ion but was totally inhibited by 50 mM Mg2+ ion. Inhibition by K+ and Na+ ions was in-between. By contrast, PCF formation, whose numbers were counted under a fluorescence inverted microscope after Aniline Blue staining for β-1,3-glucan (callose), was stimulated by both K+ and Ca2+ ions but inhibited by Mg2+ ion. After selecting Arabidopsis PCF using a micromanipulator, the sub-fibril ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PCFs of Betula platyphylla and Larix leptolepis, cultured with 200 mM Ca2+ and 50 mM Mg2+ ions, respectively, after long-term storage and rehydration, were examined by TEM. The effects of different factors were discussed on PCF formation and sub-structures in different herbaceous and tree plant species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".