Effects of Salts on Helical Protoplast-Callose-Fiber Formation and Cell Division in Leaf Protoplast Culture of Arabidopsis thaliana: Ultrastructure of PCF Using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of four salts addition (10-200 mM), NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 were examined on the growth of protoplasts and formation of helical 1.5 mm long, protoplast-callose-fibers (PCF) in Arabidopsis thaliana liquid leaf protoplast cultures. The basal medium was Murashige and Skoog’s medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 μM benzyladenine, 3% sucrose, and 0.4 M mannitol. The protoplast division was highly stimulated by the addition of 50 mM Ca2+ ion but was totally inhibited by 50 mM Mg2+ ion. Inhibition by K+ and Na+ ions was in-between. By contrast, PCF formation, whose numbers were counted under a fluorescence inverted microscope after Aniline Blue staining for β-1,3-glucan (callose), was stimulated by both K+ and Ca2+ ions but inhibited by Mg2+ ion. After selecting Arabidopsis PCF using a micromanipulator, the sub-fibril ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PCFs of Betula platyphylla and Larix leptolepis, cultured with 200 mM Ca2+ and 50 mM Mg2+ ions, respectively, after long-term storage and rehydration, were examined by TEM. The effects of different factors were discussed on PCF formation and sub-structures in different herbaceous and tree plant species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".