ANALYSIS OF FLUID-FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AND HEAT-TRANSFER PATTERNS AROUND A SQUARE BLUFF BODY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we investigate a numerical simulation of the flow and heat transfer characteristics around a single square cylinder subjected to incidence in a two-dimensional plane. The Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are set at Re = 100 and Pr = 0.71, respectively. The cylinder's surface is subjected to pressure and viscous forces due to the passing flow, with the magnitude of these forces influenced by the cross-sectional shape of the bluff body, the angle of attack, and flow velocity. The angle of orientation for the square cylinder varies from 0° to 45° in 5° increments. The study begins with comprehensively examining the governing equations, simulation procedures, and grid generation, employing an efficient and robust in-house finite volume code. Subsequently, we present and discuss the instantaneous streamlines, velocity components, vorticity, and isotherm patterns for different angles of attack. Additionally, global quantities such as viscous, pressure, total lift, drag coefficients, their root-mean-square, Strouhal, and Nusselt numbers are analyzed for various angles of attack. It is observed that the frequency of vortex shedding decreases with an increasing angle of attack. Furthermore, the values of global quantities and flow and temperature patterns remain relatively constant for angles of attack in the range of θ = 30°-45°. The numerical results show good agreement with experimental and numerical data in the existing literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".